Bibliography

Appendix C · Safety and Hygiene in Pellet Plants and Feed Mills · 18 min read

All the sources cited in the book, ordered by chapter. The links were checked in October and November 2026. Standards are updated, so confirm the edition in force before you apply them.

Chapter 1. Why safety is part of the business

  1. U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). Investigation Report: Combustible Dust Hazard Study, Report No. 2006-H-1, November 2006. News release: https://www.csb.gov/assets/1/17/Public_Meeting_News_Release_FINAL_11-7-06.pdf
  2. CSB. Investigation Report: Sugar Dust Explosion and Fire, Imperial Sugar Company, Port Wentworth, Georgia, Report No. 2008-05-I-GA, September 2009. https://www.csb.gov/imperial-sugar-company-dust-explosion-and-fire/
  3. CSB. Investigation Update: Horizon Biofuels, September 17, 2025. https://www.csb.gov/assets/1/6/Horizon_Biofuels_Investigation_Update_2025-09-17_Final_Public.pdf — Case page: https://www.csb.gov/horizon-biofuels-explosions/ — As of November 13, 2026, the CSB states that the investigation is still open and it has not published a final report.
  4. Purdue University, Agricultural Confined Spaces. 2024 Summary of U.S. Agricultural Confined Space-related Injuries and Fatalities, 2025. https://www.purdue.edu/engineering/abe/agconfinespaces/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/2024-Summary-of-U.S.-Agricultural-Confined-Space-related-Injuries-and-Fatalities-Report.pdf — Reports page: https://www.purdue.edu/engineering/abe/agconfinespaces/injury-fatality-reports — Report text reproduced in Grain Journal: https://www.grainjournal.com/article/1094480/2024-summary-of-u-s-agricultural-confined-space-related-injuries-and-fatalities
  5. Cheng, Y.-H.; Field, B. et al. (Purdue Agricultural Safety and Health Program, Purdue University). 2025 Summary of U.S. Agricultural Confined Space-related Injuries and Fatalities, July 2026. https://www.purdue.edu/engineering/abe/agconfinespaces/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/2025-Summary-of-Confined-Spaces.pdf — Figures from pages 1 and 3: no fewer than 48 cases (22 fatal and 26 non-fatal; each case is one person) and no fewer than 21 grain entrapments, 38% fewer than in 2024.
  6. International Labour Organization (ILO). Nearly 3 million people die of work-related accidents and diseases, November 2023 (2019 estimates). https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/nearly-3-million-people-die-work-related-accidents-and-diseases — Breakdown by cause: ILOSTAT, The right to occupational safety and health: still unrealized. https://ilostat.ilo.org/blog/the-right-to-occupational-safety-and-health-still-unrealized/

Chapter 2. The map of regulations

  1. ILO. C155 - Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155). Record and ratifications in NORMLEX: https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312300:NO — Spanish text: https://www.icbf.gov.co/cargues/avance/compilacion/docs/CV_OIT_0155_81.htm
  2. ILO. Global Ratification Campaign on C155 and C187. https://www.ilo.org/topics-and-sectors/safety-and-health-work/global-ratification-campaign-c155-and-c187
  3. Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (INSST, Spain). La Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo: nuevo derecho fundamental según la OIT, 2022. https://www.insst.es/noticias-insst/la-seguridad-y-salud-en-el-trabajo-nuevo-derecho-fundamental-segun-la-oit
  4. Ministerio del Trabajo y Previsión Social (Chile). Chile sella compromiso histórico con la seguridad laboral al depositar Convenio 155 ante la OIT en Ginebra. https://www.mintrab.gob.cl/chile-sella-compromiso-historico-con-la-seguridad-laboral-al-depositar-convenio-155-ante-la-oit-en-ginebra/ — Promulgation decree: https://cnc.cl/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/Promulgacion-del-Convenio-N155.pdf
  5. ISO. ISO 45001:2018, Occupational health and safety management systems — Requirements with guidance for use. https://www.iso.org/standard/63787.html — Amendment 1:2024 (climate change): https://www.iso.org/standard/88428.html — Revision in progress: https://www.iso.org/standard/89698.html — As of November 13, 2026, the new edition has not been published: iso.org lists the revision as project ISO/DIS 45001, and the current edition is still the 2018 one with its 2024 amendment.
  6. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.272, Grain handling facilities. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.272
  7. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.147, The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout). https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.147
  8. NFPA 660, Standard for Combustible Dusts and Particulate Solids, 2025 edition. Summary: https://www.processingmagazine.com/maintenance-safety/standards-regulations/article/55264719/nfpa-660-what-processors-need-to-know-about-nfpas-new-consolidated-combustible-dust-standard — According to the NFPA page, it brings together standards 61, 484, 652, 654, 655 and 664: https://www.nfpa.org/product/nfpa-660-standard/p0660code
  9. European Commission. Equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres (ATEX). https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/mechanical-engineering/equipment-potentially-explosive-atmospheres-atex_es — Directive 1999/92/EC: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1999/92/oj — Directive 2014/34/EU: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/34/oj
  10. Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 on machinery. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1230/oj — INSST summary: https://www.insst.es/documents/d/portal-insst/reglamento-europeo-ue-2023_1230-relativo-a-las-maquinas-novedades-2025
  11. European Union. Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 on machinery, Article 10(7), OJ L 165, June 29, 2023. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023R1230 — The Commission's 2025 proposal amending this regulation and others with regard to digitalization (Omnibus IV package, COM(2025) 504, procedure 2025/0134(COD)) has a provisional agreement, but as of November 13, 2026, it has not been adopted or published; the European Parliament plans to vote on it in plenary on November 23, 2026: https://oeil.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/en/procedure-file?reference=2025/0134(COD)
  12. TÜV SÜD. Reglamento UE 2023/1230: obligaciones de importadores y distribuidores en máquinas. https://www.tuvsud.com/es-es/centro-recursos/articulos-de-opinion/reglamento-ue-2023-1230-obligaciones-importadores-distribuidores-en-maquinas
  13. Argentina. Ley 19.587 de Higiene y Seguridad en el Trabajo (1972) and Decreto 351/79. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/32030/actualizacion
  14. Mexico, STPS. NOM-004-STPS-1999, Sistemas de protección y dispositivos de seguridad en la maquinaria y equipo que se utilice en los centros de trabajo. DOF May 31, 1999. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/680125/NOM-004-STPS-1999.pdf — Notice in the DOF: https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle_popup.php?codigo=4948965
  15. Mexico, STPS. NOM-017-STPS-2024, Equipo de protección personal - Selección, uso y manejo en los centros de trabajo. DOF March 28, 2025. https://sidof.segob.gob.mx/notas/docFuente/5753280 — The first transitional article sets the entry into force at six months after publication, and the third repeals NOM-017-STPS-2008. Official record from the Secretaría de Economía (entry into force: September 28, 2025; status: in force): https://platiica.economia.gob.mx/normalizacion/nom-017-stps-2024/
  16. Colombia. Decreto 1072 de 2015, Decreto Único Reglamentario del Sector Trabajo, May 26, 2015. https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sites/default/files/Normograma/docs/pdf/decreto_1072_2015_pr009.pdf
  17. Colombia, Ministerio del Trabajo. Resolución 0312 de 2019, minimum standards of the SG-SST. https://normograma.mintic.gov.co/mintic/docs/pdf/resolucion_mtra_0312_2019.pdf
  18. Chile. Ley 16.744 (1968), social insurance against the risks of occupational accidents and diseases. Instituto de Seguridad Laboral: https://www.isl.gob.cl/seguro-laboral/ — Superintendencia de Seguridad Social: https://www.suseso.gob.cl/609/w3-propertyvalue-31037.html
  19. Chile, Ministerio de Salud. Decreto Supremo 594 de 1999, Reglamento sobre condiciones sanitarias y ambientales básicas en los lugares de trabajo. https://bcn.cl/2f6pf
  20. Peru. Ley 29783, Ley de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo. El Peruano, August 20, 2011. https://www.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/DGP/DIDP/files/ley_29783.pdf — Implementing regulation, Decreto Supremo 005-2012-TR: https://www.gob.pe/institucion/presidencia/normas-legales/462577-005-2012-tr
  21. Peru. Ley 29783, de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, articles 29 and 30, August 20, 2011. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/congreso-de-la-republica/normas-legales/462576-29783 — Text with amendments, Ministerio de Trabajo y Promoción del Empleo: https://cdn.www.gob.pe/uploads/document/file/583049/Plan_Trabajo_23052017_MTPE.pdf — Bill 7217/2023-CR, approved on first vote on December 5, 2024, only changes the rule on union observers in article 29 and keeps the 20-worker threshold: https://comunicaciones.congreso.gob.pe/?p=370180
  22. Brazil, Ministry of Labor and Employment. NR-12, Segurança no Trabalho em Máquinas e Equipamentos, updated text. https://www.gov.br/trabalho-e-emprego/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/participacao-social/conselhos-e-orgaos-colegiados/comissao-tripartite-partitaria-permanente/normas-regulamentadora/normas-regulamentadoras-vigentes/NR12atualizada2023.pdf — Portaria SEPRT 916/2019: https://www.legisweb.com.br/legislacao/?id=381122
  23. Brazil. NR-33, Segurança e Saúde nos Trabalhos em Espaços Confinados, wording of Portaria MTP 1.690 of June 15, 2022 (DOU June 24, 2022; in force since October 3, 2022, art. 5). Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego: https://www.gov.br/trabalho-e-emprego/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/participacao-social/conselhos-e-orgaos-colegiados/comissao-tripartite-partitaria-permanente/normas-regulamentadora/normas-regulamentadoras-vigentes/norma-regulamentadora-no-33-nr-33 — Current text: https://www.gov.br/trabalho-e-emprego/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/participacao-social/conselhos-e-orgaos-colegiados/comissao-tripartite-partitaria-permanente/arquivos/normas-regulamentadoras/nr-33-atualizada-2022-_retificada.pdf

Chapter 3. Combustible dust and explosions

  1. U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB). Investigation Report: Combustible Dust Hazard Study, Report No. 2006-H-1, November 2006. News release: https://www.csb.gov/assets/1/17/Public_Meeting_News_Release_FINAL_11-7-06.pdf
  2. Wood Business, Wood and wood products: loss history from the 2019 Combustible Dust Incident Report (Dust Safety Science). https://www.woodbusiness.ca/wood-and-wood-products-loss-history-from-the-2019-combustible-dust-incident-report/
  3. CSB. Investigation Report: Sugar Dust Explosion and Fire, Imperial Sugar Company, Port Wentworth, Georgia, Report No. 2008-05-I-GA, September 2009. https://www.csb.gov/imperial-sugar-company-dust-explosion-and-fire/ — Final report news release: https://www.csb.gov/final-csb-report-on-imperial-sugar-disaster-concludes-inadequate-equipment-design-maintenance-and-housekeeping-led-to-massive-sugar-dust-explosions/
  4. Bioenergy News, Georgia Biomass plant damaged in explosion, June 2011. https://www.bioenergy-news.com/news/georgia-biomass-plant-damaged-in-explosion/ — Canadian Biomass, Plant explosion caused by overheated assembly. https://canadianbiomassmagazine.ca/plant-explosion-caused-by-overheated-assembly-2637 — Bioenergy News, Pellet plant resumes operations. https://www.bioenergy-news.com/news/pellet-plant-resumes-operations — Trade press sources based on the local fire department report; no official investigation report has been published.
  5. Occupational Health & Safety, Fire at N.H. Pellet Mill Leads to $147,000 Fine, May 1, 2012. https://ohsonline.com/articles/2012/05/01/fire-at-nh-pellet-mill-leads-to-147000-fine.aspx — Woodworking Network, OSHA cites New England Wood Pellet. https://www.woodworkingnetwork.com/management/osha-cites-new-england-wood-pellet
  6. Occupational Health & Safety, OSHA Cites Company Following Combustible Dust Explosion, March 5, 2014. https://ohsonline.com/articles/2014/03/05/osha-cites-company-following-combustible-dust-explosion.aspx — Woodworking Network, Wood pellet plant dust explosion was preventable: OSHA. https://www.woodworkingnetwork.com/management/wood-pellet-plant-dust-explosion-was-preventable-osha
  7. CSB. Investigation Update: Horizon Biofuels, September 17, 2025. https://www.csb.gov/assets/1/6/Horizon_Biofuels_Investigation_Update_2025-09-17_Final_Public.pdf — News release: https://www.csb.gov/csb-issues-update-on-its-investigation-of-the-fatal-explosion/ — Case page: https://www.csb.gov/horizon-biofuels-explosions/ — As of November 13, 2026, the CSB states that the investigation is still open and it has not published a final report.
  8. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.272, Grain handling facilities. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.272 — OSHA interpretation of October 15, 1998, on the housekeeping program: https://osha.prod.pace.dol.gov/laws-regs/standardinterpretations/1998-10-15
  9. NFPA 652, Standard on the Fundamentals of Combustible Dust, 2019 edition. Summary: https://www.csemag.com/nfpa-652-compliance-starts-with-a-dust-hazard-analysis/
  10. NFPA 660, Standard for Combustible Dusts and Particulate Solids, 2025 edition. Summary: https://www.processingmagazine.com/maintenance-safety/standards-regulations/article/55264719/nfpa-660-what-processors-need-to-know-about-nfpas-new-consolidated-combustible-dust-standard — According to the NFPA page, it brings together standards 61, 484, 652, 654, 655 and 664: https://www.nfpa.org/product/nfpa-660-standard/p0660code
  11. European Commission, Equipment for potentially explosive atmospheres (ATEX). https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu/sectors/mechanical-engineering/equipment-potentially-explosive-atmospheres-atex_es
  12. Argentina. Ley 19.587 de Higiene y Seguridad en el Trabajo (1972) and Decreto 351/79. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/32030/actualizacion

Chapter 4. Machines: guarding and lockout before you intervene

  1. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Machinery involved in 58 percent of work-related amputations in 2018, The Economics Daily, 2020. https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2020/machinery-involved-in-58-percent-of-work-related-amputations-in-2018.htm
  2. OSHA. Directive CPL 03-00-027, National Emphasis Program on Amputations in Manufacturing Industries, signed on May 29, 2025, effective June 27, 2025, for five years; section IX (background) and Appendix B, where NAICS code 321999 (All other miscellaneous wood product manufacturing) is marked with an asterisk, that is, as new compared with the 2019 program. https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/enforcement/directives/CPL-03-00-027.pdf — The entry "Wood pellets manufacturing" is listed under code 321999 in the U.S. Census Bureau's 2022 NAICS index: https://www.census.gov/naics/2022NAICS/2022_NAICS_Index_File.xlsx
  3. NIOSH, Kentucky FACE program. Report 14KY022, Foreman Falls into Running Auger after Stepping on Door Panel with Broken Door Interlocks, February 11, 2015. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/165054
  4. Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 14, 2023, on machinery. OJ L 165, June 29, 2023. Article 10 and Annex III, sections 1.2.4.3, 1.3.7, 1.3.8.1, 1.4.2.2, 1.6.1 and 1.6.3. https://www.boe.es/doue/2023/165/L00001-00102.pdf
  5. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.212, General requirements for all machines. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.212
  6. Mexico. NOM-004-STPS-1999, Sistemas de protección y dispositivos de seguridad en la maquinaria y equipo que se utilice en los centros de trabajo, DOF May 31, 1999. Sections 5.2, 6.3, 7.2.2, 8.1, 8.2 and Appendix A. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/680125/NOM-004-STPS-1999.pdf
  7. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.147, The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout). Paragraphs (a), (c)(2), (c)(5), (c)(6), (d), (e) and (f). https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.147
  8. Argentina. Decreto 351/79, Annex VI (electrical installations), points 1.1.3, 1.1.4 and 2.4.2. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/recurso/32030/dto351-1979-anexo6/htm
  9. Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo (Argentina). Guía técnica de prevención 03: Protecciones en máquinas, equipos y herramientas, 2019. Refers to Decreto 351/79, Annex I, Chapter 15. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/03_guia_protecciones_en_maquinas_equipos_y_herramientas_ok.pdf
  10. INSST (Spain). NTP 1117, Consignación de máquinas, 2018. https://www.insst.es/documents/94886/566858/ntp_1117w.pdf/8ecd51a7-09bc-41b8-adb7-aec5349285bc
  11. EU-OSHA, Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 on machinery (applicable from January 20, 2027). https://osha.europa.eu/es/legislation/directive/regulation-20231230eu-machinery — The date in the original text (January 14, 2027) was corrected by the corrigendum published in OJ L 169, July 4, 2023: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/1230/corrigendum/2023-07-04/oj/spa

Chapter 5. Electrical hazards

  1. Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI). Workplace Electrical Fatalities 2011-2024, March 2026, with BLS and OSHA data. https://www.esfi.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/ESFI-Workplace-Electrical-Fatalities-2011-2024.pdf
  2. Argentina. Decreto 351/79, Annex VI (electrical installations), points 1.1.3, 1.1.4, 1.2.1, 1.2.2, 1.2.3, 3.3.1, 3.3.2.1 and 3.4. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/recurso/32030/dto351-1979-anexo6/htm
  3. Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo (Argentina). Resolución SRT 900/2015, Protocolo para la medición del valor de puesta a tierra y la verificación de la continuidad de las masas en el ambiente laboral. Boletín Oficial, April 28, 2015. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/124220/20150428 — Practical guide: https://argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/res_srt_900_15-guia-practica_0.pdf
  4. Mexico. NOM-029-STPS-2011, Mantenimiento de las instalaciones eléctricas en los centros de trabajo - Condiciones de seguridad, DOF December 29, 2011. https://platiica.economia.gob.mx/normalizacion/nom-029-stps-2011/
  5. Mexico. NOM-022-STPS-2015, Electricidad estática en los centros de trabajo - Condiciones de seguridad, DOF April 1, 2016. https://platiica.economia.gob.mx/normalizacion/nom-022-stps-2015/
  6. NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, 2026 edition (current), Articles 500 and 502. Official page: https://www.nfpa.org/product/nfpa-70-national-electrical-code-nec/p0070code/nfpa-70-national-electrical-code-nec-2026/7026sb — The definition of Class II, Division 2 (500.5(C)(2)) in the 2023 edition, with the condition of accumulated dust that interferes with heat dissipation: ECM, NEC Requirements for Hazardous Locations, October 11, 2023, https://www.ecmweb.com/national-electrical-code/code-basics/article/21275030/nec-requirements-for-hazardous-locations — The same condition appears in OSHA's definition of Class II, Division 2 location, 29 CFR 1910.399: https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.399 — Summary of Article 502: https://www.ecmweb.com/national-electrical-code/article/21281848/nec-article-502-summary — The text of the 2026 edition is not freely accessible, so its wording is not quoted.
  7. Directive 1999/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of December 16, 1999 (ATEX workers directive), Annexes I and II, part B. OJ L 23, January 28, 2000. https://www.boe.es/doue/2000/023/L00057-00064.pdf
  8. IEC 60079-10-2, Explosive atmospheres - Part 10-2: Classification of areas - Explosive dust atmospheres, edition 3.0, June 29, 2026; replaces edition 2.0 of 2015. https://webstore.iec.ch/en/publication/90124 — IEC 60079-14:2024: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/66049 — IEC 60079-17:2023: https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/90154
  9. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.333, Selection and use of work practices, paragraphs (a)(1), (b)(2) and (c)(2); definition of qualified person in 29 CFR 1910.399. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.333
  10. NFPA 70E, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, 2027 edition (published in 2026; replaces the 2024 edition). Official page: https://www.nfpa.org/product/nfpa-70e-standard-for-electrical-safety-in-the-workplace/p0070ecode/nfpa-70e-2027/70e27 — The electrically safe work condition (Article 120), the arc flash risk assessment (130.5) and the energized electrical work permit appear in the committee's official documents for this edition: https://docinfofiles.nfpa.org/files/AboutTheCodes/70E/70E_A2026_NEC_AAC_SD_SCRStatements.pdf and https://docinfofiles.nfpa.org/files/AboutTheCodes/70E/70E_A2026_EEW_AAA_FD_FRStatements.pdf
  11. Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo (Argentina). Resolución SRT 11/2022, which approves the AEA's Reglamento para la ejecución de trabajos con tensión en instalaciones eléctricas mayores a 1 kV (2020 edition) and repeals Resolución SRT 592/2004. Boletín Oficial, March 3, 2022. https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/258260/20220303
  12. Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 on machinery, Annex III, sections 1.5.1 and 1.5.2. https://www.boe.es/doue/2023/165/L00001-00102.pdf

Chapter 6. Noise and vibration

  1. NIOSH. Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Noise Exposure, Revised Criteria 1998, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 98-126. https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/web/20170214041730/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/98-126 — Current NIOSH page on the recommended limit: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/noise/prevent/understand.html
  2. Achutan, C. and Tubbs, R. L. Noise exposures during potato processing and manufacture of animal feed. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health, 13(4): 367-374, 2007. https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/194447
  3. Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo (Argentina). Resolución SRT 85/2012, Protocolo para la medición del nivel de ruido en el ambiente laboral. Boletín Oficial, January 30, 2012. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/193617/texto
  4. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.95, Occupational noise exposure. Paragraphs (b)(1), (c), (d), (g), (i), (k) and (m), and Table G-16. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.95
  5. Directive 2003/10/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of February 6, 2003, on the exposure of workers to noise. OJ L 42, February 15, 2003. Articles 3 to 10. https://www.boe.es/doue/2003/042/L00038-00044.pdf
  6. Argentina. Resolución MTEySS 295/2003, which replaces Annex V of Decreto 351/79 (noise, ultrasound, infrasound and vibration). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/recurso/32030/dto351-1979-anexo5/htm
  7. Mexico. NOM-011-STPS-2001, Condiciones de seguridad e higiene en los centros de trabajo donde se genere ruido, DOF April 17, 2002. Sections 5.2 to 5.7, 8.2, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7 and Table A.1. https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=734536&fecha=17/04/2002
  8. Regulation (EU) 2023/1230 on machinery, Annex III, sections 1.5.8, 1.5.9 and 1.7.4.2, point (u). https://www.boe.es/doue/2023/165/L00001-00102.pdf
  9. NIOSH. Industrial Noise Control Manual, revised edition, Publication 79-117, 1979. Case of a livestock feed mill. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/engcontrols/ecd/detail116.html
  10. Directive 2002/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of June 25, 2002, on the exposure of workers to vibration. OJ L 177, July 6, 2002. Article 3. https://www.boe.es/doue/2002/177/L00013-00019.pdf

Chapter 7. Silos, storage bins and confined spaces

  1. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.146, Permit-required confined spaces. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.146
  2. Brazil, Ministério do Trabalho e Previdência. NR-33 – Segurança e Saúde no Trabalho em Espaços Confinados, wording approved by Portaria MTP No. 1,690 of June 15, 2022 (rectified text, in force since October 3, 2022). https://www.gov.br/trabalho-e-emprego/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/participacao-social/conselhos-e-orgaos-colegiados/comissao-tripartite-partitaria-permanente/arquivos/normas-regulamentadoras/nr-33-atualizada-2022-_retificada.pdf
  3. Cheng Y.-H., Field B., Nour M., Ambrose K., Sheldon E. and Haslett N. 2024 Summary of U.S. Agricultural Confined Space-related Injuries and Fatalities. Purdue Agricultural Safety and Health Program, Purdue University, May 2025. https://www.purdue.edu/engineering/abe/agconfinespaces/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/2024-Summary-of-U.S.-Agricultural-Confined-Space-related-Injuries-and-Fatalities-Report.pdf
  4. OSHA. Hazard Alert: Dangers of Engulfment and Suffocation in Grain Bins (2011). https://www.osha.gov/Publications/hazard-alert_grain_bins.pdf — The 11-second and 5-second figures come from the University of Arkansas publication Suffocation Hazards in Grain Bins (FSA-1010), cited by OSHA.
  5. Svedberg U. R. A., Högberg H.-E., Högberg J. and Galle B. "Emission of Hexanal and Carbon Monoxide from Storage of Wood Pellets, a Potential Occupational and Domestic Health Hazard". Annals of Occupational Hygiene 48(4):339-349, 2004. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/meh015
  6. NIOSH. Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Carbon monoxide. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0105.html
  7. KAN – Kommission Arbeitsschutz und Normung. "Safe storage of wood pellets", KANBrief 4/13, 2013, pp. 15-16 (trilingual edition). https://www.kan.de/fileadmin/Redaktion/Dokumente/KAN-Brief/de-en-fr/13_4.pdf — KANBrief 2/19 repeats the figure of 13 deaths between 2002 and 2011: https://www.kan.de/en/publications/kanbrief/2019/2-19/safe-storage-of-wood-pellets/
  8. Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom). Safety alert OPSTD 3-2012: Risk of carbon monoxide release during the storage of wood pellets, November 5, 2012. https://www.hse.gov.uk/safetybulletins/co-wood-pellets.htm
  9. Gauthier S., Grass H., Lory M., Krämer T., Thali M. and Bartsch C. "Lethal Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Wood Pellet Storerooms—Two Cases and a Review of the Literature". Annals of Occupational Hygiene 56(7):755-763, 2012. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/mes047
  10. ISO 20023:2018, Solid biofuels — Safety of solid biofuel pellets — Safe handling and storage of wood pellets in residential and other small-scale applications. Summary at BSI: https://knowledge.bsigroup.com/products/solid-biofuels-safety-of-solid-biofuel-pellets-safe-handling-and-storage-of-wood-pellets-in-residential-and-other-small-scale-applications — The standard is under revision (prEN ISO 20023 rev, 2025).
  11. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.272(g), Entry into grain storage structures. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.272
  12. Argentina. Resolución SRT 953/2010, Criterios de seguridad respecto de las tareas ejecutadas en espacios confinados, Boletín Oficial July 15, 2010. Copy: https://e-legis-ar.msal.gov.ar/htdocs/legisalud/migration/pdf/15960.pdf
  13. Mexico. NOM-033-STPS-2015, Condiciones de seguridad para realizar trabajos en espacios confinados, DOF August 31, 2015. Sections 5.5 (written authorizations) and 5.7 (person responsible for the work and at least one attendant). https://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5405659&fecha=31/08/2015 — Official page: https://platiica.economia.gob.mx/normalizacion/nom-033-stps-2015/

Chapter 8. Fires and self-heating

  1. Persson H. and Fjellgaard Mikalsen R. (eds.). Silo fire guideline, 13 measures and 4 warnings. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, RISE Report 2023:68, Trondheim, 2023. Based on the handbook Silo Fires (RISE/MSB, 2012). https://www.dsb.no/siteassets/rapporter-og-publikasjoner/rise/rise-report-2023-68-silo-fire-guideline-final.pdf
  2. Svedberg U. R. A., Högberg H.-E., Högberg J. and Galle B. "Emission of Hexanal and Carbon Monoxide from Storage of Wood Pellets, a Potential Occupational and Domestic Health Hazard". Annals of Occupational Hygiene 48(4):339-349, 2004. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/meh015
  3. Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom). Safety alert OPSTD 3-2012: Risk of carbon monoxide release during the storage of wood pellets, November 5, 2012. https://www.hse.gov.uk/safetybulletins/co-wood-pellets.htm
  4. Sokhansanj S., Yazdan Panah F. and Lee J. S. (University of British Columbia). "Managing Silo Size and Humidity Key to Controlling Self-heating in Pellets". Wood Pellet Association of Canada, December 21, 2023. https://pellet.org/news/managing-silo-size-and-humidity-key-to-controlling-self-heating-in-pellets/
  5. Yazdan Panah F. (Wood Pellet Association of Canada). Safe Wood Pellet Storage: Preventing, Detecting, and Managing Self-Heating Incidents. Technical deep dive: causes, contributing factors, and detection methods for self-heating (presentation, 2026). The presentation itself states that its recommendations are for guidance only and are not legal requirements. https://pellet.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/technical-deep-dive-wpac-presentation.pdf
  6. ISO 20049-1:2020, Solid biofuels — Determination of self-heating of pelletized biofuels — Part 1: Isothermal calorimetry. Confirmed in 2025. https://www.iso.org/standard/66904.html
  7. ARIA database (BARPI, French Ministry of Ecological Transition). Accident No. 50891, October 30, 2017, Lapeyrouse (63). https://www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/accident/50891_en/?lang=en
  8. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.39, Fire prevention plans. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.39
  9. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.38, Emergency action plans. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.38
  10. Argentina. Decreto 351/79, Annex I, Chapter 18, Protección contra incendios (articles 160 to 187), https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/recurso/32030/dto351-1979-anexo1/htm, and Annex VII (fire load, risks 1 to 7, siting, construction and extinguishing conditions, and extinguisher rating tables), https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/recurso/32030/dto351-1979-anexo7/htm
  11. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.157, Portable fire extinguishers. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.157
  12. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.156, Fire brigades. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.156

Chapter 9. Animal feed hygiene

  1. Van Larebeke, N. et al. The Belgian PCB and dioxin incident of January-June 1999: exposure data and potential impact on health. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2001, 109(3): 265-273. https://webarchive.library.unt.edu/eot2008/20090118181958/http://www.ehponline.org/members/2001/109p265-273vanlarebeke/vanlarebeke.pdf
  2. CDC. Multistate Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Agona Infections Linked to Toasted Oats Cereal — United States, April-May, 1998. MMWR, 1998 (background). https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00053368.htm — Original paper cited there: Clark, G. M., Kaufmann, A. F., Gangarosa, E. J. and Thompson, M. A. Epidemiology of an international outbreak of Salmonella agona. The Lancet, 1973;2(7827):490-493. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(73)92082-5. PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4125005/
  3. Zentai, A., Jóźwiak, Á., Süth, M. and Farkas, Z. Carry-Over of Aflatoxin B1 from Feed to Cow Milk — A Review. Toxins, 2023, 15(3): 195. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10053009/
  4. Regulation (EC) No 183/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of January 12, 2005, laying down requirements for feed hygiene, Articles 5(6) and 6. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32005R0183
  5. Regulation (EC) No 183/2005, Annex II (facilities and equipment; production). Text: https://legislation.gov.uk/eur/2005/183/annex/II/division/2?view=plain — Food Standards Agency guidance on cross-contamination between batches: https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/media/document/on-farm-mixinf-guidance-farmers.pdf
  6. Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, Article 18 (traceability). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2002/178/2019-07-26 — Text of the article: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2002/178/article/18
  7. Directive 2002/32/EC on undesirable substances in animal feed, Annex I, replaced by Regulation (EU) No 574/2011. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2002/32/2019-11-28/eng — Commission Recommendation 2006/576/EC of August 17, 2006, on the presence of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding (consolidated version 2016). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2006/576/2016-08-02 — Commission Recommendation (EU) 2026/1801 of July 24, 2026 (OJ L, July 28, 2026), replacing Recommendations 2006/576/EC and 2013/165/EU from July 1, 2027. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reco/2026/1801/oj — Summary: https://www.csqa.it/en-us/press/micotossine-nei-mangimi-la-ue-aggiorna-i-valori-di-riferimento
  8. FDA. 21 CFR Part 507, Current Good Manufacturing Practice, Hazard Analysis, and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Food for Animals, final rule of September 17, 2015, §507.31 and §507.33. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/chapter-I/subchapter-E/part-507
  9. FDA. 21 CFR 225.65, Equipment cleanout procedures. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/21/225.65
  10. FDA. CPG Sec. 690.800 Salmonella in Food for Animals, July 2013. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-690800-compliance-policy-guide-salmonella-food-animals
  11. Codex Alimentarius. Code of Practice on Good Animal Feeding (CXC 54-2004). https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/livestockgov/documents/CXP_054e-1.pdf — FAO platform: https://www.fao.org/feed-safety/resources/resources-details/es/c/1054052/
  12. SENASA. Resolución 1416/2024, Norma de Establecimientos y de Directores Técnicos de Establecimientos de Productos destinados a la Alimentación Animal, Boletín Oficial, December 4, 2024. Text: https://www.cira.org.ar/?p=21330 — Boletín Oficial: https://www.boletinoficial.gob.ar/detalleAviso/primera/317685/20241204
  13. SENASA. Resolución 594/2015. https://www.produccion-animal.com.ar/legales/54-Resolucion_594.pdf — On its replacement by Resoluciones 1415 and 1416/2024: https://www.engormix.com/balanceados/miscellaneous/argentina-nuevo-sistema-aprobar_n30874/
  14. Regulation (EU) 2019/4 on the manufacture, placing on the market and use of medicated feed, and its Annex I (written cleaning plans and separate storage). https://www.legislation.gov.uk/eur/2019/4/annexes — Official text on EUR-Lex: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/4/oj
  15. FDA. CPG Sec. 683.100 Action Levels for Aflatoxins in Animal Food. https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/cpg-sec-683100-action-levels-aflatoxins-animal-feeds
  16. EFSA, Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). Microbiological risk assessment in feedingstuffs for food-producing animals. EFSA Journal, 2008, 6(7): 720. Summary: https://www.thepoultrysite.com/news/2008/07/efsa-publishes-advice-biological-feed-hazards
  17. Food Standards Agency (United Kingdom). Farmers producing animal feed. https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/farmers-producing-animal-feed
  18. ISO 17225-2:2021, Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications and classes — Part 2: Graded wood pellets. Scope: https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/iso/268f4ee0-a1ca-40af-b57d-60790cee914d/iso-17225-2-2021

Chapter 10. Loads, postures and personal protective equipment

  1. Waters T. R., Putz-Anderson V., Garg A. and Fine L. J. "Revised NIOSH equation for the design and evaluation of manual lifting tasks". Ergonomics 36(7):749-776, 1993. doi: 10.1080/00140139308967940. Copy at CDC: https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/205542
  2. NIOSH. Applications Manual for the Revised NIOSH Lifting Equation, Publication 94-110. https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94-110/ — CCOHS summary (Canada): https://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/ergonomics/niosh/assessing.html
  3. Mexico. NOM-036-1-STPS-2018, Factores de riesgo ergonómico en el trabajo – Identificación, análisis, prevención y control. Parte 1: Manejo manual de cargas, signed on November 22, 2018, Table 1 and transitory provisions. https://sidof.segob.gob.mx/notas/docFuente/5544579
  4. Argentina. Resolución MTEySS 295/2003, Annex I, Especificaciones técnicas sobre ergonomía, section "Levantamiento manual de cargas". Copy: https://www.facet.unt.edu.ar/syso/wp-content/uploads/sites/36/2016/03/Res295-03-anexo1.pdf
  5. Argentina. Resolución SRT 886/2015, Protocolo de Ergonomía. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/246272/texto
  6. Council Directive 90/269/EEC of May 29, 1990, on the manual handling of loads where there is a risk particularly of back injury to workers. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/1990/269/oj
  7. WorkSafe Victoria (Australia). Farmer killed while unloading bulka bags, safety alert, July 20, 2022. https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/safety-alerts/farmer-killed-while-unloading-bulka-bags
  8. ISO 21898:2024, Packaging — Flexible intermediate bulk containers (FIBCs) for non-dangerous goods, 2nd edition, August 2024. https://www.iso.org/standard/83014.html
  9. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.132, Personal protective equipment – General requirements. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.132
  10. Regulation (EU) 2016/425 on personal protective equipment, and Directive 89/656/EEC on the use by workers of personal protective equipment. European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA): https://osha.europa.eu/en/legislation/directives/4 and https://osha.europa.eu/en/legislation/directive/regulation-eu-2016425-personal-protective-equipment
  11. Mexico. NOM-017-STPS-2024, Equipo de protección personal – Selección, uso y manejo en los centros de trabajo, DOF March 28, 2025. Official page: https://platiica.economia.gob.mx/normalizacion/nom-017-stps-2024/
  12. Argentina. Resolución SRT 299/2011 (Boletín Oficial, March 30, 2011), which creates the form Constancia de entrega de ropa de trabajo y elementos de protección personal (articles 2 and 3). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/norma-180669/texto — Decreto 351/79, Annex I, Title VI, Protección personal del trabajador, Chapter 19, Equipos y elementos de protección personal (articles 188 to 203). https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/recurso/32030/dto351-1979-anexo1/htm
  13. IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 62: Wood Dust and Formaldehyde, 1995. https://publications.iarc.who.int/Book-And-Report-Series/Iarc-Monographs-On-The-Identification-Of-Carcinogenic-Hazards-To-Humans/Wood-Dust-And-Formaldehyde-1995 — Reviewed in Vol. 100C (2012).
  14. Directive (EU) 2017/2398, amending Directive 2004/37/EC (carcinogens or mutagens), Annex III: hardwood dust, 3 mg/m³ until January 17, 2023, and 2 mg/m³ since then. European Parliament summary: https://oeil.europarl.europa.eu/oeil/en/procedure-document-summary/pdf?id=1517613
  15. Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom). COSHH essentials for production and use of flour – FL0: Advice for managers. https://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/guidance/fl0.pdf
  16. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.134, Respiratory protection. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.134
  17. ISO 20345:2021, Personal protective equipment — Safety footwear. Page: https://www.iso.org/standard/73222.html — Instituto Nacional de Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (INSST, Spain). Protección de pies y piernas: safety footwear protects against an impact of at least 200 J and a compression of at least 15 kN. https://www.insst.es/materias/equipos/epi/proteccion-de-pies-y-piernas
  18. Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland (HSENI). Safety alert – Safe use of emery cloth. https://www.hseni.gov.uk/node/1822
  19. Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom). All you need to know about disposable dust masks: disposable respirators are marked to EN 149:2001; classes FFP1, FFP2 and FFP3 reduce inhaled dust by factors of 4, 10 and 20, filter only dust, and are not suitable where there is a lack of oxygen or where gases or vapors are present. https://www.hse.gov.uk/agriculture/dustmasks.htm — United States. 42 CFR 84.170: N95 filters must have a minimum efficiency of 95%; the N series is only for environments free of oil aerosols. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-42/chapter-I/subchapter-G/part-84/subpart-K/section-84.170

Chapter 11. Training and safety culture

  1. Burke, M. J., Sarpy, S. A., Smith-Crowe, K., Chan-Serafin, S., Salvador, R. O. and Islam, G. Relative effectiveness of worker safety and health training methods. American Journal of Public Health, 2006, 96(2): 315-324. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1470479
  2. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.272, Grain handling facilities, paragraphs (e) Training and (i) Contractors. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.272
  3. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.38, Emergency action plans, paragraphs (e) and (f). https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.38
  4. Council Directive 89/391/EEC (Occupational Safety and Health Framework Directive), article 12 (training of workers). Text of the article: https://lawplayer.com/eu/article/31989L0391/a12 — EU-OSHA summary: https://osha.europa.eu/es/legislation/directives/the-osh-framework-directive/1
  5. Argentina. Decreto 351/79, Annex I, Chapter 21 (Capacitación), articles 208 to 214. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/recurso/32030/dto351-1979-anexo1/htm
  6. Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo. Resolución SRT 905/2015, Annex I, item 15, and Annex II, items 9 and 10. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/246509/texto
  7. ISO 45001:2018, Occupational health and safety management systems — Requirements with guidance for use, clauses 5.4, 7.2 and 7.3. Guide to the requirements: https://www.alcumus.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Guide-to-requirements-of-ISO-45001.pdf
  8. OSHA. Recommended Practices for Safety and Health Programs, 2016. OSHA news release: https://osha.gov/news/newsreleases/trade/10182016 — Current page: https://www.osha.gov/safety-management
  9. OSHA. Recommended Practices — Hazard Identification and Assessment, action item 4: investigate incidents. https://www.osha.gov/safety-management/hazard-Identification

Chapter 12. The plant safety plan

  1. ISO 45001:2018, Occupational health and safety management systems — Requirements with guidance for use. On the PDCA cycle in the standard: https://www.dqsglobal.com/en/explore/dqs-knowledge-center/iso-45001-explained — CEN information sheet: https://www.cencenelec.eu/media/CEN-CENELEC/AreasOfWork/CEN%20sectors/OHS/Intro/iso45001_information-sheet_2018.pdf
  2. OSHA. Recommended Practices for Safety and Health Programs, 2016. News release: https://osha.gov/news/newsreleases/trade/10182016 — The seven elements: https://www.osha.gov/safety-management
  3. Council Directive 89/391/EEC (Occupational Safety and Health Framework Directive), employer obligations: risk assessment and list of occupational accidents. EU-OSHA summary: https://osha.europa.eu/es/legislation/directives/the-osh-framework-directive/1
  4. Superintendencia de Riesgos del Trabajo. Resolución SRT 905/2015. Annex I, items 2, 13 and 15; Annex II, items 1, 4, 9 and 12. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/246509/texto
  5. ISO 45001:2018, clauses 6.1.2 (hazard identification and assessment of risks and opportunities), 9.2 (internal audit), 9.3 (management review) and 10.2 (incident, nonconformity and corrective action). Clause titles as given in the ISO 45002:2023 guide: https://iteh.es/catalog/standards/sist/9cb2cda4-5ce4-4d52-a2fe-099a14d7cabe/sist-iso-45002-2023 — Summary of requirements: https://www.mangoapps.com/compliance-library/iso45001
  6. OSHA. 29 CFR 1910.272, Grain handling facilities, paragraphs (f) Hot work permit and (g) Entry into grain storage structures; housekeeping program. https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/29/1910.272
  7. OSHA. 29 CFR 1904.33, Retention and updating. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1904/1904.33
  8. OSHA. Recommended Practices — Hazard Identification and Assessment, action item 4: investigate incidents. https://www.osha.gov/safety-management/hazard-Identification
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